cloning

Tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is the process of growing small pieces of plants ('tissue') in vitro using nutrient media outside a living organism.

False. Tissue culture involves growing very small pieces of plants using nutrient media in petri dishes.

The cells scraped from the parent plant for tissue culture are known as explants.

The surface of explants is sterilised using a disinfectant and rinsed with sterile water to ensure aseptic conditions.

Nutrient agar provides a growth medium for explant cells to grow and divide, facilitating the tissue culture process.

A callus is a mass of cells formed from explants on nutrient agar in tissue culture, from which plantlets develop.

Plant growth regulators, such as hormones, present in the growth medium, induce the development of roots, stems, and leaves.

True. Plantlets developed in tissue culture can be transferred to individual potting trays to further develop into plants.

'In vitro' refers to a process conducted outside a living organism, such as tissue culture conducted in petri dishes on nutrient agar.

A clone is a genetically identical copy of an organism. These can be produced through asexual reproduction, micropropagation techniques, or somatic cell nuclear transfer.

False. Clones produced through micropropagation are genetically identical individuals.

Micropropagation allows the production of plants with desirable characteristics cheaply, quickly, and at any time of the year.

Micropropagation allows for the breeding of disease-free or resistant plants, reducing the spread of diseases and ensuring native plant varieties are produced in large quantities.

True. Micropropagation requires a sterile laboratory environment and trained personnel to prevent contamination and ensure successful plant growth. This is a disadvantage because it limits access to this process.

All plants produced through micropropagation are genetically identical, limiting their ability to adapt to environmental changes and making them vulnerable to the same diseases and pests.

Micropropagation can be essential in preserving rare plant species by allowing for the mass production of genetically identical plants, ensuring their conservation and propagation.

True. The nucleus is removed from an egg cell and replaced with the nucleus from a body cell.

An enucleated cell is a cell which has had the nucleus removed. In the mammal cloning process, the egg cell from a donor organism will have the haploid nucleus removed and replaced with a diploid nucleus from the body cell of the organism to be cloned.

Adult cell cloning is a reproductive cloning technique that involves replacing the nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus of an adult somatic cell to create an embryo with identical DNA.

False. Adult cell cloning involves removing the nucleus from an egg cell and inserting the nucleus of an adult body cell to create an embryo.

Adult cell cloning involves removing the nucleus from an egg cell, inserting the nucleus of an adult body cell, stimulating cell division, and implanting the embryo into a surrogate mother.

The first cloned mammal was named Dolly.

In cloning, a surrogate mother is an adult female animal into whose womb an embryo is inserted to continue its development until birth.

Adult cell cloning technology allows for the production of genetically identical organisms, which can be beneficial for scientific research and the preservation of endangered species.

A transgenic animal is an organism that has been genetically modified to contain one or more genes from another species, resulting in the expression of new traits or the production of desired compounds.

Genetically modifying animals can be used to produce produce antibodies for targeting cancer cells, blood clotting factor IX for treating haemophilia, and alpha-1-antitrypsin for cystic fibrosis patients.

One benefit of using genetically modifying animals to produce pharmaceutical substances is the ability to produce large quantities of pharmaceutical substances in animals, providing a potentially more efficient and cost-effective method of production.