2 3 health and disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when the coronary arteries narrow due to build-up of fatty deposits; this reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries of the heart.

False. Statins are drugs used to lower the levels of blood cholesterol.

Advantages of treating cardiovascular disease using statins include: Disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease using statins include:

Stents are used to widen the lumen of the coronary arteries; this keeps the arteries open and increases blood flow to the heart muscle.

False. The insertion of a stent can be carried out during minor surgery, though the process does bring some risk of blood vessel damage and infection.

Consequences of faulty heart valves include: Either of these situations will reduce blood flow through the heart, and so reduce the volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

True. Faulty heart valves can be replaced with mechanical or biological valves.

False. Biological valve replacements do bring a risk of immune rejection. This is because they contain donor tissue which is not an exact tissue match to the recipient.

An artificial heart might be used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease when:

Advantages of treating cardiovascular disease using an artificial heart include: Disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease using an artificial heart include:

An individual's health is their state of physical and mental wellbeing.

Factors that can affect health include:

True. HIV is a virus that causes the immune system to become defective; HIV infection may therefore increase an individual's susceptibility to other infections.

Cells that are infected with viruses may be more likely to become cancerous, e.g. infection with HPV increases the likelihood of cervical cancer developing.

True. Immune reactions to pathogens can trigger allergic reactions, e.g. skin rashes.

False. Poor physical health increases the likelihood of mental illness, e.g. depression.

Examples of non-communicable diseases include:

A risk factor is a factor that increases the likelihood of developing a disease. Exposure to a risk factor does not mean that disease will definitely occur.

Lifestyle factors that can affect the incidence of non-communicable disease include:

Correlation is an association between two factors while causation is when a change in one factor causes a change in another. A correlation between two factors not not guarantee that there is a causal link.

Examples of risk factors that have been causally linked to a disease include:

Sampling involves collecting data on a small section of the population that can be used to represent an entire population.

The graph shows that:

The graph shows a (strong) positive correlation.

Cancer occurs when changes in cells cause uncontrolled cell growth and division; this leads to tumour development.

A benign tumour is a group of abnormal cells contained within one area and usually surrounded by a membrane. Benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body.

Features of malignant tumours include:

Lifestyle risk factors associated with cancer include:

False. Some cancers have been related to genetic factors as well as lifestyle factors.