5 3 development of medicines

Antibiotics are medicinal drugs that kill bacteria.

False. Antibiotics do not destroy viruses, so can only be used to treat bacterial infection.

Antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial infections because they inhibit cell processes in bacterial cells without affecting other cell types.

Aseptic technique is a method used to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms when working with cultures.

False. ** Lifting the lid of a petri dish only slightly primarily reduces the risk of contamination by other microorganisms**.

The inoculating loop should be passed through a hot flame to kill any microorganisms present on the loop; this prevents contamination.

The lid should be secured with tape at intervals, rather than all the way around, to ensure that oxygen can enter the dish; this prevents the growth of anaerobic bacteria which may be harmful.

The maximum allowed temperature for growing bacteria in a school lab is 25°C. This is to restrict the growth of harmful pathogens.

An inhibition zone is an area around a disc of antibiotic, antiseptic, or disinfectant where bacterial growth is inhibited.

The equation for calculating the area of an inhibition zone is: Area of inhibition zone = πr2 Where π = 3.14 and r = the radius of the zone of inhibition

An autoclave is used to prepare sterile growth medium and Petri dishes.

False. The development of new drugs has many stages including discovery, development, preclinical and clinical testing.

Preclinical drug testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live animals.

The purpose of testing new drugs on animals is to see the effect of medicines on a whole organism.

Clinical drug trials are conducted to test the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of new drugs.

Clinical trials are conducted as follows:

In a double-blind trial some patients are given a placebo, and neither the doctor nor the patient knows whether each patient is receiving the placebo or the active drug.

A placebo is an inert substance given to some participants in clinical trials instead of a true drug. Its role is to eliminate the effects of the brain and expectations on any results.

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that all come from clones of a single lymphocyte. They are specific to one antigen.

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell involved in the specific immune response.

The process of producing monoclonal antibodies is as follows:

A hybridoma cell is a cell produced by combining a lymphocyte with a type of tumour cell.

True. Monoclonal antibodies can bind to specific proteins because of their specific shape.

Monoclonal antibodies may be used as follows:

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to indicate pregnancy by using them in pregnancy tests. The antibodies bind to a hormone released during pregnancy, known as hCG.

False. Labelling monoclonal antibodies with fluorescent dyes allows them to be used to locate certain cell types or molecules. The use of dyes is not related to the delivery of cancer drugs.

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify and destroy cancer cells without harming healthy cells because the antibodies bind to specific proteins that are displayed by cancer cells but not by healthy body cells.

The advantage of using monoclonal antibodies over traditional treatments is that only the cancer cells are targeted, which leaves healthy cells unaffected. This can reduce the side effects of the cancer treatment.

Examples of non-communicable diseases include:

A risk factor is a factor that increases the likelihood of developing a disease. Exposure to a risk factor does not mean that disease will definitely occur.

Lifestyle factors that can affect the incidence of non-communicable disease include:

Correlation is an association between two factors while causation is when a change in one factor causes a change in another. A correlation between two factors not not guarantee that there is a causal link.

Examples of risk factors that have been causally linked to a disease include:

Obesity and malnutrition can be assessed using:

BMI can be calculated using the following equation:

Mass is measured in kg and height in m.

Problems that can be caused by an increase in cases of liver disease at a local level include:

Problems that can be caused by an increase in cases of cardiovascular disease at a national level include:

CVD is any long-term condition of the heart or blood vessels, e.g. narrowing of the arteries or a heart attack.

Medication can be used in the treatment of CVD to:

Advantages of treating cardiovascular disease using medication include: Disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease using medications include:

False. The insertion of a stent can be carried out during minor surgery, though the process does bring some risk of blood vessel damage and infection.

Stents are used to widen the lumen of the coronary arteries; this keeps the arteries open and increases blood flow to the heart muscle.

Lifestyle changes that can reduce the likelihood of cardiovascular disease include: