4 4 ocd

What type of disorder is OCD?

Which of the following is characteristic of OCD? a) Low mood, sadness and lack of motivation b) Fear, panic and avoidance c) Persistent, intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviours

Which of the following is an example of an obsessive thought? a) 'Everybody hates me' b) 'If I don't switch the light on and off 50 times, something terrible will happen' c) 'Nothing ever goes right for me'

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?

True or False? Guilt and disgust are examples of cognitive characteristics of OCD.

Behavioural characteristics of OCD include compulsions that tend to be ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _ and ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _-consuming.

One coping mechanism to deal with the cognitive characteristics of OCD is for the person to use: a) a grounding object b) drug therapy c) an anxiety hierarchy d) dream therapy

True or False? Compulsions are performed to reduce anxiety.

People with OCD are aware that their anxiety/fear is: a) logical b) understandable c) imaginary d) irrational

A behavioural characteristic of OCD is that the person will try and ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _ situations that may ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _ their obsessive thoughts.

What does a genetic explanation of OCD assume?

Which of the following is the most likely to be a genetic source of OCD? a) An aunt b) A cousin c) A parent d) A grandparent

True or False? OCD is caused by one single gene.

A specific gene ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _ or group of genes may result in OCD in one person, but not for everyone with that genetic ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎_.

OCD-relevant genes include those involved in: a) cortisol and oxytocin pathways b) serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways c) acetylcholine and melatonin

What behaviours are both dopamine and serotonin linked to?

Which genes have been implicated in OCD (select two)? a) The candidate gene b) The polymorphic gene c) The COMT gene d) The SERT gene

Which studies are a good way of investigating a genetic explanation of OCD? a) Animal studies b) Twin studies c) Double-blind studies

A genetic explanation of OCD is prone to biological reductionism. Define biological reductionism

There is insufficient understanding of the actual genetic mechanisms surrounding OCD, which means that a genetic explanation alone may lack: a) validity b) reliability c) falsifiability

What does a neural explanation of OCD assume?

The two key neurotransmitters implicated in OCD are ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ and ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _.

Low or disrupted levels of serotonin have been implicated in mood disorders such as: a) phobias b) depression c) schizophrenia

Faulty information processing can be located in which part of the brain? a) Hippocampus b) Hypothalamus c) Amygdala d) Frontal cortex

Which neurotransmitter (apart from serotonin) is associated with OCD?

Dopamine activity in the ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ striatum has been linked to the development of ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _ behaviours.

True or False? Dopamine reinforces the compulsive behaviours that are necessary to reduce obsessive thoughts.

The use of SSRIs to treat OCD supports the idea that irregular levels of serotonin are linked to the development of the disorder, which increases the theory's: a) reliability b) subjectivity c) validity

SSRIs cannot treat all individuals with OCD, which means that the cause of the disorder may not be solely ‎_ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ _.

True or False? Research into a neural explanation of OCD tends to use objective, clinical methods such as fMRI scanning.

What does the biological approach to treating OCD assume?

Low or irregular levels of serotonin may lead to an imbalance in: a) euphoria b) addiction c) mood d) energy

An imbalance in mood may interfere with _ _ thinking and could lead to thoughts and, thus, OCD.

What does SSRI stand for?

What is meant by reuptake?

SSRIs work by preventing the of serotonin in the cleft back into the _ _ neuron.

True or False? SSRIs are selective because they mainly affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters such as dopamine.

As well as SSRIs, which other drug can be used to treat OCD? a) Benzodiazepines b) Antipsychotics c) Amphetamines d) Tranquilisers

True or False? Benzodiazepines are stimulant drugs designed to increase the speed of messages between the brain and body.

Benzodiazepines encourage the transmission of: a) mamma-aminobutyric acid (MABA) b) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) c) bamma-aminobutyric acid (BABA)

GABA has been linked to the reduction of: a) low mood in someone with OCD b) hallucinations in someone with OCD c) obsessive thoughts in someone with OCD

True or False? Drug therapy for OCD has positive implications for the economy.

A limitation of drug therapy for OCD is that drugs can come with potentially serious _ _- .

There is good research support for the efficacy of drug therapy, for example in placebo-controlled trials. Define placebo-controlled trials.

Positive results of drug trials are more likely to be published than trials in which the outcome of the drug was less successful, which is known as: a) confirmation bias b) publication bias c) researcher bias d) sample bias

Drug therapy for OCD is an example of: a) biological preparedness b) machine reductionism c) biological reductionism